Automatic Refracto-Keratometer

ABSTRACT

An auto refracto-keratometer not only produces a black-and-white image for observing the alignment of eyes to be examined using an infrared illumination light but also has a color observation optical system for observing a condition of eyes to be examined using color-illumination light. The auto refracto-keratometer comprises an infrared optical system for examining an alignment and corneal curvature of eyes to be examined; a fogging optical system for relaxing accommodation of the eyes; a measuring optical system for measuring refractive power of the eyes; and a color observation optical system having a visible light source for emitting at least one visible light to the eyes and a 2-dimensional imaging device for detecting image of visible light reflected by the eyes.

This application claims the priority benefits of Korean PatentApplication No. 10-2011-0006984 filed on Jan. 24, 2011, and KoreanPatent Application No. 10-2011-0010700 filed on Feb. 7, 2011. Alldisclosures of the Korean Patent applications are incorporated herein byreference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to an automatic refracto-keratometer, and moreparticularly, to an automatic refracto-keratometer which not onlyproduces a black-and-white image for observing an alignment of an eye tobe examined using an infrared illumination light but also has a colorobservation optical system for observing the eye using a colorillumination light. This invention also relates to a method forevaluating a fitting state of contact lens with an image processingtechnique for detecting a dye pattern by using the automaticrefracto-keratometer.

BACKGROUNDS OF THE INVENTION

An automatic refracto-keratometer is a precise measuring-instrument usedin the field of ophthalmic optics, in which optical equipments,electronic equipments, precise machines and computer programs areintegrated. The auto refracto-keratometer accurately, quickly andobjectively measures physical features of an eye such as a refractivepower, an astigmatism power, an astigmatism axis and so on, with opticaland electronic systems. Thus, the refracto-keratometer is generally usedfor a prescription of eyeglass or contact lens. FIG. 1 is an opticalcircuit showing a configuration of a conventional automaticrefracto-keratometer. As shown in FIG. 1, the conventionalrefracto-keratometer includes an infrared optical system 10 forexamining an alignment and a corneal curvature of an eye 5 to beexamined, a fogging optical system 30 for removing an accommodationpower of the eye 5 so that the eye 5 is properly relaxed, and arefractive power measuring optical system 50 for measuring a refractivepower of the eye 5. In operation, for examining the alignment and thecorneal curvature of the eye 5, an infrared light is emitted from a mirering light source 12 of the infrared optical system 10. The infraredlight is reflected by the eye 5 and then reflected by a dichroic mirror14. The reflected light passes through a relay lens 16, is reflected byan infrared reflecting mirror (a hot mirror) 17, passes through an imageforming lens 18 (a relay lens or a collimating lens), and forms aninfrared image of the eye 5 on a 2-dimensional imaging device 20. FIG. 2is a photograph showing an infrared image of the eye 5 formed on theimaging device 20. With the infrared image, the position of the eye 5 isadjusted to be aligned to a central axis of the refracto-keratometer,and a corneal curvature of the eye 5 is also measured from the size ofthe infrared ring image. The measured corneal curvature is used forprescription of a contact lens

When the eye 5 is aligned to the central axis of therefracto-keratometer, an interim refractive power of the eye 5 ismeasured with the refractive power measuring optical system 50.Specifically, an infrared light for measuring the refractive power isemitted from an infrared light source 52, and the infrared measuringlight passes through a badal lens 54 for focusing the infrared measuringlight on a main surface of the eye 5, is reflected by a reflectingmirror 56 and a polarization beam splitter 58 for polarizing theinfrared measuring light, and focused on a retina of the eye 5. A signallight, which is reflected and scattered on the retina of the eye 5,passes through the polarization beam splitter 58, an objective lens 60,an image forming lens 62 and a micro-lens array 64. The objective lens60 focuses the signal light, the image forming lens 62 collimates orconverges the signal light, and the micro-lens array 64 splits theconverged signal light into multiple signal lights and also focuses thesplit signal lights. The split signal lights form images of the signallights on a 2-dimensional imaging device 66 as shown in FIG. 3. Then, aprocess and control unit 7 calculates the interim refractive power ofthe eye 5 from the images of the split signal lights.

After the interim refractive power is calculated, the fogging opticalsystem 30 is operated to relax the eye 5. In detail, a white light isemitted from a white light source 32 and then passes through an imagelayer 34 to produce an image for fixing the eye's attention and also forrelaxing the eye's accommodation power. The image produced at the imagelayer 34 passes through an adjusting lens 36 for focusing the imageaccording to the refractive power of the eye 5, a reflecting mirror 38,and relay lenses 40, 16, and then the image is reflected by the dichroicmirror 14 and directed to the retina of the eye 5. Thus, the image ofthe image layer 34 is clearly formed on the retina of the eye 5. Afterforming the image of the image layer 34 on the retina of the eye 5, theadjusting lens 36 is controlled so that the image of the image layer 34is not focused on the retina of the eye 5 (that is, the image of theimage layer 34 becomes unclear to the eye 5), and thereby theaccommodation power of the eye 5 is removed. When the accommodationpower of the eye 5 is removed, the above-mentioned refractive powermeasuring process is repeated to obtain the target and accuraterefractive power of the eye 5.

Besides the corneal curvature and the refractive power of the eye 5obtained with the refracto-keratometer shown in FIG. 1, a fitting stateof the eye 5 and a contact lens should be examined for a properprescription of a contact lens. As shown in FIG. 4, to examine thefitting state, a dye, such as a fluorescent substance, is injected tothe eye 5, a contact lens is placed on the eye 5, and a blue light,which is sensitive to the fluorescent substance, is irradiated to theeye 5. Then the fitting state between the eye 5 and the contact lens isobserved with a slit beam microscope. Generally, the prescription of acontact lens requires several steps, such as a medical examination byinterview with a contact lens user, an examination of a front eye, acorneal curvature measurement, a selection of a base-curve, anevaluation of the fitting state, and so on. The interview is conductedto obtain information which is necessary for the prescription of acontact lens. The examination of a front eye is conducted to check theconditions of an eyelid, an eyelash, a cornea, and so on. The cornealcurvature measurement is conducted to obtain the curvature of the centerof a cornea with a keratometer, a topographer and so on. The base-curveis determined to select a suitable contact lens for the cornea of theeye. The evaluation of the fitting state is conducted to check whether acontact lens properly fits to the eye. The fitting state can beevaluated by examining a dye pattern, movements and positions of contactlens, and so on with an instrument such as a button lamp, a slit beammicroscope and so on. In accordance with such evaluation results,suitable contact lens can be prescribed.

In the dye pattern examination, a dye, such as a fluorescent substance,specifically, fluorescein is injected to an eye, a contact lens isplaced on the eye, and the fitting state between the eye and the contactlens is observed with a slit beam microscope. When the fluoresceincontacts with tear in the eye, the color of fluorescein changes togreen, and the locations of tear, specifically the locations of tearbetween the cornea and the contact lens can be clearly observed, and thefitting state of the contact lens can be properly evaluated. FIGS. 5 a˜5c are photographs showing the fitting states of a contact lens on amodel eye. The fitting can be generally classified into a steep state(FIG. 5 a), a flat state (FIG. 5 b) and an alignment state (FIG. 5 c).The steep state indicates that a contact lens having a small curvatureis selected. In this case, a periphery of the contact lens contacts tothe cornea and the tear gathers in the center part of the eye. Thus,tear is not properly circulated, impurities cannot be properly removedfrom eye, and oxygen cannot be properly supplied to the eye. The flatstate indicates that a contact lens having a large curvature isselected. In this case, a large amount of tear is located around theperiphery of the contact lens, and the center part of the contact lenscontacts to the cornea. Thus, the contact lens user may feelinconvenience in eyelid movements and a corneal xerosis. Furthermore,the contact lens can be dislocated from its original location by themovement of the eye. The alignment state is an ideal state in which aproper amount of tear is uniformly dispersed between the cornea and thecontact lens. The slit beam microscope for observing the fluoresceinpatterns includes an optical part and a mechanical part, and may furtherincludes an electronic part such as a camera. In the slit beammicroscope, the fitting state may be directly observed with an eyepiecelens of the optical part or indirectly observed with the camera or amonitor of the electronic part. The examiner observes the fluoresceinpatterns and determines and evaluates the fitting state of the contactlens on the basis of his or her experience and knowledge.

In the conventional contact lens fitting, at least two apparatuses for ameasurement and an observation are necessary. Especially, theobservation apparatus simply displays a magnified image of an eye, butdoest not provide any useful information. In addition, since at leasttwo apparatuses are necessary, the arrangement of the apparatus iscomplicated, and a skilled person is necessary for using the apparatus.Thus, the contact lens prescription process cannot be effectivelycarried out with the prior apparatus.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide arefracto-keratometer for observing an eye with a color illuminationlight as well as an infrared illumination light.

It is other object of the present invention to provide arefracto-keratometer having a color observation optical system forobserving a fitting state between an eye and a contact lens with a colorimage.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method forevaluating a fitting state of a contact lens which performs both of ameasurement and an observation for a prescription of a contact lens witha single apparatus.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a methodfor evaluating a fitting state of a contact lens which improvesefficiency and productivity in prescribing a contact lens.

In order to achieve these and other objects, the present inventionprovides a refracto-keratometer comprising: an infrared optical systemfor examining an alignment of an eye and for measuring a cornealcurvature of the eye; a fogging optical system for relaxing the eye'saccommodation power; a refractive power measuring optical system formeasuring a refractive power of the eye; and a color observation opticalsystem having a visible light source for emitting at least one visiblelight to the eye and a 2-dimensional imaging device for detecting theeye's image irradiated with the visible light.

The present invention also provides a method for evaluating a fittingstate of a contact lens, the method comprising the steps of: detecting apupil area and an iris area in an eye; obtaining a dye image showing alocation of a dye in the eye by irradiating a visible light which candetect the dye to the eye; converting the dye image to a single colorimage whose intensities are proportional to amounts of the dye;detecting a boundary, a center and a radius of a contact lens placed onthe eye from the single color image; dividing an area of the contactlens into two parts, a central part W and peripheral parts W1, W2, . . .Wi . . . Wn, the central part W being an inner circle area having aradius of ¼ to ½ times of the radius of the contact lens and theperipheral parts W1, W2, . . . Wi . . . Wn being the remainder of thecentral part W; and calculating a dying degree Ck of the central part Wand comparing the calculated dying degree Ck with a predetermined rangeto evaluate a fitting state of the contact lens.

Preferably, the dying degree Ck is a ratio of an area Wg of pixelshaving intensities higher than a predetermined value in the central partW with respect to the area of the central part W. Also preferably, thefitting state can be evaluated by calculating a dying degree Ci of theperipheral part Wi, and comparing the dying degree Ci with apredetermined range. Also preferably, the fitting state can be evaluatedby calculating a dying degree Ci of the peripheral part Wi, calculatingan edge width Ei which is a minimum distance between a center of gravityof pixels having color intensities higher than a predetermined value andthe boundary of the contact lens, and the comparing the dying degree Ciand the edge width Ei with predetermined ranges.

An eye and/or a contact lens placed on the eye are observed with thecolor observation optical system in the refracto-keratometer of thepresent invention. The prescription of a contact lens can be carried outeffectively with the refracto-keratometer of the present invention, andan additional apparatus is not necessary for examining the fitting stateof the contact lens. In addition, by the present invention, the contactlens fitting state can be consistently evaluated regardless of theexaminer's experience or skill.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an optical circuit showing a configuration of a conventionalautomatic refracto-keratometer.

FIG. 2 is a photograph showing an infrared image of an eye for thealignment and the corneal curvature measurement of the eye.

FIG. 3 is a photograph showing images of split signal lights for themeasurement of a refractive power of an eye.

FIG. 4 is a photograph showing an image of an eye to which a fluorescentsubstance is injected, on which a contact lens is placed, and to which ablue light is irradiated to detect the fluorescent substance forevaluating the fitting state of the contact lens.

FIGS. 5 a˜5 c are photographs showing the fitting states of a contactlens on a model eye.

FIG. 6 is an optical circuit showing a configuration of arefracto-keratometer according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 7 is a photograph showing an image of an eye which is obtained withthe color observation optical system of the refracto-keratometer of thepresent invention.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart showing steps for detecting a pupil area and aniris area in an eye.

FIG. 9 is a drawing showing an image of an eye to which a white light isirradiated.

FIG. 10 is a drawing for explaining a process of obtaining a pupil areaand an iris area in an image of an eye.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart showing the steps for evaluating a contact lensfitting state by detecting a fluorescent substance pattern dispersed ina pupil area and an iris area according to the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a color coordinate system for forming a single color imagewhose brightness (intensity) is proportional to an amount of afluorescent substance in one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a drawing for explaining a process of obtaining a boundary ofa contact lens from a single color image of an eye and a contact lens.

FIG. 14 is a drawing for explaining a process of detecting a fluorescentsubstance dispersion pattern in a contact lens area.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A more complete appreciation of the invention, and many of the attendantadvantages thereof, will be better appreciated by reference to thefollowing detailed description.

FIG. 6 is an optical circuit showing a configuration of arefracto-keratometer according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. As shown in FIG. 6, the refracto-keratometer of the presentinvention includes an infrared optical system 10 for examining analignment of an eye 5 and for measuring a corneal curvature of the eye5, a fogging optical system 30 for relaxing the eye's accommodationpower, a refractive power measuring optical system 50 for measuring arefractive power of the eye 5, and a color observation optical system 70for obtaining a visible light image of the eye 5 and a contact lensplaced on the eye 5. In FIG. 6, same reference numerals are designatedto the elements having the same or similar functions with the elementsshown in FIG. 1.

In the refracto-keratometer of the present invention, the infraredoptical system 10 comprises a mire ring light source 12 for emitting aninfrared light of a mire ring shape to the eye 5, and a 2-dimensionalimaging device 20 for detecting an image of the infrared light of a mirering shape reflected by the eye 5. The alignment of the eye 5 can beexamined, and the corneal curvature thereof can also be measured withthe position and size of the image of the infrared light of a mire ringshape obtained from the 2-dimensional imaging device 20. Optionally, theinfrared optical system 10 may further comprise the first dichroicmirror 14, the second dichroic mirror 17, at least one relay lens 16,and an image forming or objective lens 18. The first dichroic mirror 14separates the infrared light emitted from the mire ring light source 12from an infrared light for measuring a refractive power which is emittedfrom an infrared light source 52 of the refractive power measuringoptical system 50, and then reflects the mire ring shape infrared lightto the 2-dimensional imaging device 20. The second dichroic mirror 17separates the infrared light emitted from the mire ring light source 12from a visible light (color light) emitted from the color observationoptical system 70 and then reflects the mire ring shape infrared lightto the 2-dimensional imaging device 20. The relay lens 16 and the imageforming lens 18 are provided for delivering or focusing the mire ringinfrared light image. Preferably, an infrared light-emitting-diode (IRLED) is used as the mire ring light source 12 for suppressing a pupilreflex.

The refractive power measuring optical system 50 comprises a measuringlight source 52, a micro-lens array 64 and a 2-dimensional imagingdevice 66. The measuring light source 52 emits a light, preferably aninfrared light for measuring the refractive power of the eye 5. Themeasuring light is reflected by a retina of the eye 5 and then refractedin the eye 5 to form a signal light. The micro-lens array 64 splits thesignal light into multiple signal lights and also focuses the splitsignal lights. The 2-dimensional imaging device 66 detects the images ofthe split signal lights. A topographical map of the wave fronts of thesignal lights can be obtained from the images of the split signallights, and the refractive power of the eye 5 can be calculated with thetopographical map. Optionally, the refractive power measuring opticalsystem 50 may further comprise a badal lens 54, a reflective mirror 56,a polarization beam splitter 58, an objective lens 60 and an imageforming lens 62. The badal lens 54 focuses the measuring light on a mainsurface of the eye 5, the reflective mirror 56 reflects the measuringlight from the badal lens 54, and the polarization beam splitter 58polarizes the measuring light, and reflects the polarized measuringlight to the eye 5. The linearly polarized measuring light is reflectedand scattered on the retina of the eye 5 to form a signal light, and thesignal light is focused by the objective lens 60. The focused signallight converges by the image forming lens 62 to form the image of thesignal light of a desirable size.

The fogging optical system 30 includes an image layer 34 for producingan image for fixing the eye's attention and also for relaxing the eye'saccommodation power, and an adjusting lens 36 for focusing the imageformed by the image layer 34 according to the refractive power of theeye 5. By controlling the adjusting lens 36, the image formed by theimage layer 34 is focused or defocused at a focal position of the eye 5to fix the eye's attention or to relax the eye's accommodation power.Thus, the refractive power of the eye 5 is accurately measuredregardless of its accommodation power. Optionally, the fogging opticalsystem 30 may further include relay lenses 40, 16 and dichroic mirrors14, 17, 38 for delivering, reflecting, focusing or passing the image ofthe image layers 34. The dichroic mirrors 14, 17, 38 also separate thelights of other optical system 50, 10, 70.

The color observation optical system 70 includes at least one visiblelight source 72 a, 72 b, 74 a, 74 b for emitting at least one visiblelight to the eye 5 and a 2-dimensional imaging device 76 for detectingthe image of the eye 5 formed by the irradiation of the visible light.By using the 2-dimensional imaging device 76, a visible image (awhite-and-black image or a color image) of the eye 5 and the contactlens placed on the eye 5 is obtained, and the state of the eye 5 can beclearly examined. Preferably, the visible light source 72 a, 72 b, 74 a,74 b can be a white light source 72 a, 72 b for emitting a white lightfor clearly examining (observing) the eye 5, or a blue light source 74a, 74 b for emitting a blue light which can clearly detect a dyeinjected into the eye 5. Instead of the blue light, any visible light,which can detect the dye, for example, which can induce the fluorescenceof the dye, can be used. As the visible light source 72 a, 72 b, 74 a,74 b, a light emitting diode (LED) for emitting a visible light can beused. Optionally, the color observation optical system 70 commonly usessome optical elements, such as the first dichroic mirror 14, the seconddichroic mirror 17 and the third dichroic mirror 38 with other opticalsystems 10, 50. The first dichroic mirror 14 reflects the visible lightimage of the visible light source 72 a, 72 b, 74 a, 74 b, the image fromthe image layer 34 of the fogging optical system 30 and the mire ringshape light image of the infrared optical system 10, but transmits thesignal light image of the refractive power measuring optical system 50.The second dichroic mirror 17 reflects the mire ring shape light imageof the infrared optical system 10, but transmits the visible light imageof the visible light source 72 a, 72 b, 74 a, 74 b and the image fromthe image layer 34 of the fogging optical system 30. The thirddiachronic mirror 38 reflects the image from the image layer 34 of thefogging optical system 30, but transmits the visible light image of thevisible light source 72 a, 72 b, 74 a, 74 b. These dichroic mirrorsworks as a beam splitter, and the reflectance and transmittance of thedichroic mirrors can be determined according to the properties of theoptical systems 10, 30, 50, 70. Optionally, the color observationoptical system 70 may further include relay or objective lenses 40, 16,77, 78, and a reflective mirror 79 for delivering, reflecting, focusingor transmitting the visible light images.

Referring to FIG. 6, the operation of the refracto-keratometer accordingto the present invention will be explained. According to the control ofa process and control unit 7, a mire ring shape infrared light isemitted from the mire ring light source 12 and the mire ring shapeinfrared light image reflected from the cornea of the eye 5 passesthrough the first dichroic mirror 14, the relay lens 16, the seconddichroic mirror 17 and the objective lens 18, and is detected by the2-dimensional imaging device 20. Then, the position of the autorefracto-keratometer is adjusted so that mire ring shape infrared lightimage is clearly shown, and the center of the mire ring shape infraredlight image coincides with the corneal top point of the eye 5 as shownin FIG. 2. Then, the corneal curvature of the eye 5 is calculated bymeasuring the size of the mire ring shape light image. Next, therefractive power measuring light is emitted from the measuring lightsource 52 of the refractive power measuring optical system 50. Themeasuring light passes through the badal lens 54 and the reflectivemirror 56, is reflected and linearly polarized by the polarization beamsplitter 58, and is focused at the corneal top point of the eye 5. Themeasuring light forms a light spot of a constant size on the cornea ofthe eye 5 regardless of the refractive power of the eye 5, and isreflected and scattered on the cornea to be the signal light. Thescattered signal light is a non-polarized light and is directed to thepolarization beam splitter 58 through the cornea of the eye 5.

In the signal light directed to the polarization beam splitter 58, thesignal light having the same polarization direction with the measuringlight is reflected by the polarization beam splitter 58 and is directedto the light source 52, and the signal light having the perpendicularpolarization direction with the measuring light transmits thepolarization beam splitter 58, and is directed to the optical system formeasuring the refractive power. The transmitted signal light passesthrough the objective lens 60 and the image forming lens 64, and isdirected to the micro-lens array 64 in a parallel, converging ordiverging manner according to the refractive power of the eye 5. At themicro-lens array 64, the signal light is split into multiple signallights and then converged, and the split signal lights are detected atthe 2-dimensional imaging device 66. The refractive power of the eye 5can be calculated by analyzing the detected image of signal lights. Atthis time, the fogging optical system 30 relaxes the accommodation powerof the eye 5 by defocusing the image for fixing the eye's attention.

After measuring the corneal curvature and the refractive power of theeye 5, a contact lens is prescribed and placed on the eye 5, and thenthe fitting state of the contact lens is observed with the colorobservation optical system 70 of the refracto-keratometer of the presentinvention. In detail, a white light is irradiated from a white lightsource 72 a, 72 b to the eye 5, and the white light image which isreflected on the eye 5 is transmitted to a 2-dimensional imaging device76 via the first dichroic mirror 14, the second dichroic mirror 17, thethird dichroic mirror 38, relay lenses 16, 40, 77, 78 and a reflectivemirror 79. FIG. 7 is a photograph showing the image of the eye 5 whichis obtained with the color observation optical system of therefracto-keratometer of the present invention. The eye 5 can beprecisely observed with the color (visible light) image shown in FIG. 7.In the next step, a fluorescent substance is applied to the eye 5, forexample, by using a fluorescent liquid or a fluorescent paper, and theprescribed contact lens is placed on the eye 5. Then, a visible light,for example, a blue light is irradiated from a blue light source 74 a,74 b to the eye 5. The blue light image which is reflected on the eye 5is transmitted to the 2-dimensional imaging device 76 through the samepath of the white light image. At the 2-dimensional imaging device 76,the visible light images of the eye 5 and the contact lens are formed.The blue light emitted from the blue light source 74 a, 74 b has asuperior reactivity to the fluorescent substance, and detects thefluorescent substance well. In a prior method for observing the contactlens fitting state with a slit beam microscope, a blue light is preparedby converting a white light with a blue filter, but such blue light hasa inferior reactivity to the fluorescent substance, and a lightefficiency of the blue light is not satisfactory. On the other hand, inthe present invention, the blue light is directly emitted from the bluelight source 74, 74 b. Thus, the eye examining apparatus of the presentinvention has a relatively simple configuration, and is easy to use, andproduces a visible light having a superior reactivity to the fluorescentsubstance.

Hereinafter, the method for evaluating a contact lens fitting state willbe explained with reference to FIG. 6. The method for evaluating acontact lens fitting state comprises the steps of (i) detecting a pupilarea and an iris area in an eye, and (ii) detecting a fluorescentsubstance pattern dispersed in the pupil area and the iris area toevaluate the contact lens fitting state. FIG. 8 is a flow chart showingsteps for detecting the pupil area and the iris area in an eye. As shownin FIG. 8, a fluorescent substance (dye), such as fluorescein, isapplied on an eye (S 10), and a contact lens is placed on the eye.Specifically, the fluorescent substance (a dying solution) is applied ona conjunctiva of an eye, which includes a model eye, whose cornealcurvature (K) is measured, and the contact lens is placed on the eye orthe model eye. The contact lens can be positioned at the top of thecornea of the eye (namely, at the center of the pupil) by blinking aneyelid of the eye. At this state, a white light is irradiated andilluminated to the eye and the first image of the eye is obtained byusing the white light source 72 a, 72 b and the 2-dimensional imagingdevice 76 (S 12). The pupil absorbs most of the white light to produce adark image, and the brightness of the white light image has the order ofpupil<iris<sclera and eyelid. From the first image of the eye, each eyepart can be identified.

The first image of the eye is obtained as a color image. Optionally, agray scaling can be applied to the color first image to convert thecolor information of each pixel into the brightness information(intensity) of each pixel. The pupil area and the iris area are detectedwith the color first image or the gray scaled first image. FIG. 9 is adrawing showing an image of an eye to which the white light isirradiated. As shown in FIG. 9, the positions (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3,y3), (x4, y4) of the 4 images of the white light (signal lights), whichis reflected on the eye, are detected, and the center (x0, y0) of the 4positions is determined as the start point, namely, the center of thepupil (S 14). Next, the signal light, and optionally noises is removedfrom the image of the eye (S 16). At this time, the signal light andnoises can be removed by conventional image processing techniques, suchas a morphology operator, an erosion operator, a dilation operator, aclosing operator, and so on. At the boundaries of the pupil, the irisand the sclera, the brightness of the image pixels changes abruptly, andeach area (pupil, iris and sclera) can be determined from thedifferences of the gray levels (brightness) in the areas. For example,the first image is divided into a plurality of pixels which are smallenough to differentiate the pupil, the iris and the sclera areas. Agradient mask of 5×5 window size can be used for the pixel formation.Then, as shown in FIG. 10, n radial lines (d1 . . . dn) are drawnoutwardly from the start point (x0, y0) in the first image of FIG. 9with a constant angle interval (for example, 15˜45 degree). Preferablenumber of the radial lines(n) is 8˜24. On the radial line (di), twoedges (boundary points) are determined from the brightness differenceswherein the first boundary point Pi is a boundary between the pupil areaand the iris area, and the second boundary point Ri is a boundarybetween the iris area and the sclera area. In other words, the two edgesare determined from sudden changes of color levels on the n radial lines(d1 . . . dn). Conventional edge-exploring algorithms such as a zerocrossing can be applied to obtain the edges. For each of the n radiallines (d1 . . . dn), the two edges (boundary points) are determined fromthe brightness differences to obtain the first boundary P={P1, P2, . . .Pi, . . . Pn} between the pupil area and the iris area and the secondboundary R={R1, R2, . . . Ri, . . . Rn} between the iris area and thesclera area (S 20). The first boundary P corresponds to the pupilboundary, and the second boundary R corresponds to the iris boundary.Then, the center point (Xp, Yp) of the circular first boundary P,namely, the center coordinate of the pupil, and radius of the pupil arecalculated from the coordinates of the first boundary P (S 22). For thecalculations, a conventional circular fitting algorithm can be used.

After detecting the pupil area and the iris area, the contact lensfitting state is evaluated by detecting a fluorescent substance (dyingsolution) pattern dispersed in the pupil area and the iris area. FIG. 11is a flow chart showing the steps for evaluating the contact lensfitting state by detecting a fluorescent substance pattern dispersed inthe pupil area and the iris area according to the present invention. Asshown in FIG. 11, a visible light, which can detect a dye, specifically,the fluorescent substance dispersed in the eye, is irradiated to the eyeto obtain the second image (a dye image or a fluorescent substancepattern) of the eye (S 30). For example, the visible light can be a bluelight irradiated from the blue light source 74 a, 74 b in FIG. 6, andthe fluorescent substance can be the fluorescein. The fluorescein reactswith the blue light to emit a green fluorescent light whose intensity isproportional to the amount of the fluorescent substance dispersed in theeye. When the contact lens curvature is smaller than the cornealcurvature (“steep” contact lens), the periphery of the cornea isexcessively pressed and the fluorescent substance gathers in the centralpart of the lens to show a strong green pattern. On the other hand, whenthe contact lens curvature is larger than the corneal curvature (“flat”contact lens), the center of the cornea is excessively pressed and thecontact lens is tightly contacted to the cornea. Thus, the color at thecenter of the contact lens becomes similar to the color of the pupil,and a ring shaped green pattern is produced at the periphery of thecontact lens. In summary, as the contact lens is in the “flat” state orthe “steep” state, the fluorescent substance pattern becomes clear andvivid and has its particular shapes. When the contact lens curvature issuitable for the corneal curvature of the eye (“alignment” contactlens), a light green pattern appears in the whole area of the contactlens and a ring shaped green pattern having a narrow width is producedat the periphery of the contact lens.

After obtaining the second image (dye image) of the eye, the secondimage is converted to a single color image in which the brightness(intensity) of the single color image is proportional to the amount ofthe fluorescent substance (S 32). FIG. 12 is a color coordinate systemfor forming the single color image whose brightness (intensity) isproportional to the amount of the fluorescent substance in oneembodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 12, the most intrinsiccolor of the fluorescent substance (dye) is defined by a vector u havingrespective R, G, B component, and a color of a pixel at position (x, y)in the second image is defined by a vector v. The single color image isformed by calculating a color level (color difference) which correspondsto the distance between the two vectors u and v. Specifically, in theRGB color coordinate system, as the Euclidean distance D(v,u) betweenthe two end points of the two vectors u and v becomes smaller, the imageof the corresponding pixel becomes more similar to the intrinsic color(for example, a vivid green color) of the fluorescent substance, and alarger amount of the fluorescent substance exists in the correspondingpixel. Thus, under the condition that D(u,v) is less than a criticalvalue D0, a standardized color level g(x, y) can be defined in a rangeof 1 to 255 which is inversely proportional to the magnitude of D(u,v).Thereby, in a 2-dimensional plane corresponding to the second image, thestandardized color level g(x, y) can be used in place of the originalRGB color value for each pixel. By these procedures, the color secondimage is converted to a single color (color of the fluorescentsubstance) image. In summary, the dye image is converted to the singlecolor image by obtaining the standardized color level g(x, y) whichcorresponds to the distance between two vectors u and v. By such scalingprocess, the contrast of the second image can be adjusted in a desirablelevel, the RGB color information of 3 byte is converted into a singlecolor information of 1 byte. Therefore, the dye pattern can be easilyand quickly detected and analyzed.

In the next step, a boundary, a center and a radius of the contact lensplaced on the eye is detected from the single color image in which thebrightness (intensity) of each pixel is proportional to the amount ofthe fluorescent substance (S 34). FIG. 13 is a drawing for explaining aprocess of obtaining the boundary K of the contact lens from the singlecolor image of the eye and the contact lens. As shown in FIG. 13, in thesingle color second image, n radial lines (d1 . . . dn) are formed fromthe second boundary R={R1, R2, . . . Ri, . . . Rn} between the iris areaand the sclera area to the center (Xp, Yp) of the pupil area. On the nradial lines (d1 . . . dn), edges (boundary points, K1, K2, . . . Ki, .. . , Kn) are determined from the sudden changes of color level, inother words, from the brightness differences of the single color, andthe determined edges form a lens boundary K. In determining the lensboundary K, conventional edge-exploring algorithms, which are used fordetermining the pupil area and the iris area, can be used. Then, fromthe coordinates of the lens boundary K={K1, K2, . . . Ki, . . . , Kn},the center (X1, Y1) and radius Rc of the contact lens are determined.

Meanwhile, according to the fitting state between the eye and thecontact lens, there is a possibility that the fluorescent substance isnot concentrated at the edge (actual boundary) of the contact lens. Inthis case, to determine the more accurate lens boundary and lens center,the following circle detecting method can be further applied. In thesingle color second image produced with the standardized color levelg(x, y), an arbitrary lens center (X1, Y1) is determined, and thecolor(for example, green) levels of all pixels at a circumference whichis apart from the center (X1, Y1) by a radius r are divided by 2πr for anormalization. Then, the rate of change of the normalized color levelswith respect to the radius r is determined. When the rate of change ofthe normalized color levels is maximized at a lens center (Xc, Yc) andat a lens radius Rc, the lens center (Xc, Yc) and the lens radius Rc canbe used as the more accurate lens information. In other words, a sum ofthe normalized color (green) levels at the pixels which are positionedat the circumference of at radius r is obtained. The sums are obtainedfor various r, and the rate of changes of the green levels with respectto the various radius r are determined from the sums. At a specificradius Rc, the rate of change is maximized, and the radius Rc and itscenter are used as the real contact lens information. If the distancebetween the lens center (X1, Y1) or (Xc, Yc) and the pupil center (Xp,Yp) is larger than a predetermined value, namely, if the contact lens ispositioned at a wrong position, it is desirable to coincide the lenscenter (X1, Y1) or (Xc, Yc) and the pupil center (Xp, Yp) by adjustingthe position of the contact lens (S36).

Next, the contact lens fitting state is evaluated by detecting thefluorescent substance dispersion pattern in the contact lens area. FIG.14 is a drawing for explaining a process of detecting the fluorescentsubstance dispersion pattern in the contact lens area. As shown in FIG.14, the contact lens area K is divided into two parts, a central part Wand peripheral parts (W1, W2, . . . , Wi, . . . , Wn). The central partW is the inner circle area having a radius of ¼ to ½ times, preferably ⅓times of the contact lens radius Rc from the contact lens center (X1,Y1). The peripheral part (W1, W2, . . . , Wi, . . . , Wn) Is theremaining part surrounding the central part W. Then, a dying degree Ckof the central part W is calculated (S 40), and the calculated dyingdegree Ck is compared with a predetermined range to evaluate the contactlens fitting state. Preferably, the dying degree Ck of the central partW is a ratio of (i) an area of pixels Wg having a color intensity (greenlevel) of more than a predetermined value (namely, pixels includingeffective amount of the fluorescent substance) with respect to (ii) thearea of the central part W. Alternatively, the dying degree Ck can be anaverage color intensity (green level) of pixels having a color intensityof more than a predetermined value. The calculated dying degree Ck iscompared with a critical value C2 (S 42), wherein a standard dyingdegree is C1˜C2 when the distance between the central part W of thecontact lens and the cornea of the eye is suitable. When the dyingdegree Ck is larger than the critical value C2, it is determined thatthe lens curvature is in a “stiff” state, and the stiff degree isdetermined from the difference between the dying degree Ck and thecritical value C2 (S44).

On the other hand, the peripheral parts of the contact lens includes nareas (W1, W2, . . . Wi . . . Wn), and a dying degree Ci is calculatedfor each peripheral part Wi, for example, by the above mentionedprocedure. Then, an edge width of fluorescent substance pattern Ei isdetermined (S 46), wherein the edge width Ei is a minimum distance froma center of gravity of pixels having color intensity (green level) ofmore than a predetermined value in the peripheral part Wi to the lensboundary. The calculated edge width Ei is compared with a critical valueE2 (S 48), wherein a standard edge width is E1˜E2 when the contact lensfitting state is suitable. When the edge width Ei is larger than thecritical value E2, it is determined that the lens curvature is in a“flat” state, and the flat degree is determined from the differencebetween the edge width Ei and the critical value E2 (S 50).Alternatively, the dying degree Ci for peripheral part Wi is comparedwith critical values C3 and C4 to determine the stiff or flat state ofthe lens, wherein a standard dying degree is C3˜C4 when the distancebetween the peripheral part Wi of the contact lens and the cornea of theeye is suitable. When the dying degree Ck, Ci is within the standardranges in the central part and the peripheral parts of the contact lens,or the edge width Ei is within the standard range in the peripheralparts, namely, when the contact lens is not in a steep or flat state, itis determined that the lens curvature is in an “alignment” state (S 52).If necessary, from the corneal curvature obtained with therefracto-keratometer and the obtained fitting state (stiff or flatdegree), a base curve value K′ of the contact lens suitable for the eyecan be calculated.

While the present invention has been shown and described with referenceto certain preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by thoseskilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be madetherein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention asdefined by the appended claims.

1. A refracto-keratometer comprising: an infrared optical system forexamining an alignment of an eye and for measuring a corneal curvatureof the eye; a fogging optical system for relaxing the eye'saccommodation power; a refractive power measuring optical system formeasuring a refractive power of the eye; and a color observation opticalsystem having a visible light source for emitting at least one visiblelight to the eye and a 2-dimensional imaging device for detecting theeye's image irradiated with the visible light.
 2. Therefracto-keratometer of claim 1, wherein the visible light source is awhite light source for emitting a white light for observing the eye. 3.The refracto-keratometer of claim 1, wherein the visible light sourceemits a visible light which can detect a dye injected into the eye. 4.The refracto-keratometer of claim 1, wherein the visible light source isa light emitting diode for emitting a visible light.
 5. Therefracto-keratometer of claim 1, wherein the color observation opticalsystem includes a first dichroic mirror, a second dichroic mirror and athird dichroic mirror, wherein the first dichroic mirror reflects avisible light image of the visible light source, an image from an imagelayer of the fogging optical system and a mire ring shape light image ofthe infrared optical system, but transmits a signal light image of therefractive power measuring optical system, and the second dichroicmirror reflects the mire ring shape light image of the infrared opticalsystem, but transmits the visible light image of the visible lightsource and the image from the image layer of the fogging optical system,and the third diachronic mirror reflects the image from the image layerof the fogging optical system, but transmits the visible light image ofthe visible light source.
 6. A method for evaluating a contact lensfitting state, the method comprising the steps of: detecting a pupilarea and an iris area in an eye; obtaining a dye image showing alocation of a dye in the eye by irradiating a visible light which candetect the dye to the eye; converting the dye image to a single colorimage whose intensities are proportional to amounts of the dye;detecting a boundary, a center and a radius of a contact lens placed onthe eye from the single color image; dividing an area of the contactlens into two parts, a central part W and peripheral parts W1, W2, . . .Wi . . . Wn, the central part W being an inner circle area having aradius of ¼ to ½ times of the radius of the contact lens and theperipheral parts W1, W2, . . . Wi . . . Wn being the remainder of thecentral part W; and calculating a dying degree Ck of the central part Wand comparing the calculated dying degree Ck with a predetermined rangeto evaluate the contact lens fitting state.
 7. The method for evaluatinga contact lens fitting state of claim 6, wherein the dying degree Ck isa ratio of an area of pixels Wg having intensities higher than apredetermined value in the central part W with respect to the area ofthe central part W.
 8. The method for evaluating a contact lens fittingstate of claim 6, further comprising a step of evaluating the contactlens fitting state by calculating a dying degree Ci of the peripheralpart Wi, calculating an edge width Ei which is a minimum distancebetween a center of gravity of pixels having color intensities higherthan a predetermined value in the peripheral part Wi and the boundary ofthe contact lens, and then comparing the dying degree Ci and the edgewidth Ei with predetermined ranges.
 9. The method for evaluating acontact lens fitting state of claim 6, further comprising a step ofevaluating the contact lens fitting state by calculating a dying degreeCi of the peripheral part Wi, and then comparing the dying degree Ciwith a predetermined range.
 10. The method for evaluating a contact lensfitting state of claim 6, wherein the step of converting the dye imageto the single color image is carried out by obtaining a standardizedcolor level g(x, y) which corresponds to the distance between twovectors u and v, wherein the most intrinsic color of the dye is definedby a vector u, and a color of a pixel at position (x, y) in the secondimage is defined by a vector v.
 11. The method for evaluating a contactlens fitting state of claim 6, wherein the step of detecting theboundary of the contact lens includes the steps of forming n radiallines (d1 . . . dn) from a boundary between the iris area and a scleraarea of the eye to the center of the pupil area in the single colorimage of the eye, determining edges from sudden changes of color levelson the n radial lines (d1 . . . dn), and obtaining the lens boundaryfrom the determined edges on the n radial lines (d1 . . . dn).
 12. Themethod for evaluating a contact lens fitting state of claim 6, whereinthe step of detecting the pupil area and the iris area includes thesteps of irradiating and illuminating a white light to the eye to obtainthe eye's image, forming n radial lines (d1 . . . dn) outwardly from acenter of the pupil in the eye's image, determining two edges fromsudden changes of color levels on the n radial lines (d1 . . . dn), andobtaining the pupil area and the iris area from the determined two edgeson the n radial lines (d1 . . . dn).